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ISTQB CT-AI Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic	Details
Topic 1	Neural Networks and Testing: This section of the exam covers defining the structure and function of a neural network including a DNN and the different coverage measures for neural networks.
Topic 2	Testing AI-Specific Quality Characteristics: In this section, the topics covered are about the challenges in testing created by the self-learning of AI-based systems.
Topic 3	systems from those required for conventional systems.
Topic 4	ML: Data: This section of the exam covers explaining the activities and challenges related to data preparation. It also covers how to test datasets create an ML model and recognize how poor data quality can cause problems with the resultant ML model.
Topic 5	Test Environments for AI-Based Systems: This section is about factors that differentiate the test environments for AI-based
Topic 6	Using AI for Testing: In this section, the exam topics cover categorizing the AI technologies used in software testing.
Topic 7	Machine Learning ML: This section includes the classification and regression as part of supervised learning, explaining the factors involved in the selection of ML algorithms, and demonstrating underfitting and overfitting.
Topic 8	Quality Characteristics for AI-Based Systems: This section covers topics covered how to explain the importance of flexibility and adaptability as characteristics of AI-based systems and describes the vitality of managing evolution for AI-based systems. It also covers how to recall the characteristics that make it difficult to use AI-based systems in safety-related applications.
Topic 9	Introduction to AI: This exam section covers topics such as the AI effect and how it influences the definition of AI. It covers how to distinguish between narrow AI, general AI, and super AI; moreover, the topics covered include describing how standards apply to AI-based systems.
Topic 10	ML Functional Performance Metrics: In this section, the topics covered include how to calculate the ML functional performance metrics from a given set of confusion matrices.

ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Exam Sample Questions (Q11-Q16):

NEW QUESTION # 11
Consider a machine learning model where the model is attempting to predict if a patient is at risk for stroke.
The model collects information on each patient regarding their blood pressure, red blood cell count, smoking, status, history of heart disease, cholesterol level, and demographics. Then, using a decision tree the model predicts whether or not the associated patient is likely to have a stroke in the near future. One the model is created using a training data set, it is used to predict a stroke in 80 additional patients. The table below shows a confusion matrix on whether or not the model mode a correct or incorrect prediction.
The testers have calculated what they believe to be an appropriate functional performance metric for the model. They calculated a value of 2/3 or 0.6667.

A. Recall
B. Accuracy
C. F1 -source
D. Precision

Answer: B

Explanation:
The problem describes aclassification modelthat predicts whether a patient is at risk for a stroke. The confusion matrix is provided, and the testers have calculated a performance metric as2/3 or 0.6667.
From theISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing (CT-AI) Syllabus, the definitions of functional performance metrics from a confusion matrix include:
* Accuracy:
Accuracy=TP+TNTP+TN+FP+FNAccuracy = rac{TP + TN}{TP + TN + FP + FN}
Accuracy=TP+TN+FP+FNTP+TN
* Measures the proportion of correctly classified instances(both true positives and true negatives) over the total dataset.
* If the value is0.6667, it suggests that the metric includesboth correct positive and negative classifications, aligning with accuracy.
* Precision:
Precision=TPTP+FPPrecision = rac{TP}{TP + FP}Precision=TP+FPTP
* Measures how manypredicted positive caseswere actually positive.
* Doesnotmatch the given calculation.
* Recall (Sensitivity):
Recall=TPTP+FNRecall = rac{TP}{TP + FN}Recall=TP+FNTP
* Measures how manyactual positiveswere correctly identified.
* Doesnotmatch the 0.6667 value.
* F1-Score:
F1=2×Precision×RecallPrecision+RecallF1 = 2 imes rac{Precision imes Recall}{Precision + Recall} F1=2×Precision+RecallPrecision×Recall
* A balance between precision and recall.
* The formula isdifferent from the provided calculation.
Since the formula foraccuracymatches the calculated value of0.6667, the best answer isD. Accuracy.
Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide References:
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus v1.0, Section 5.1 (Confusion Matrix and Functional Performance Metrics)
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus v1.0, Section 5.4 (Selecting ML Functional Performance Metrics)

NEW QUESTION # 12
You are using a neural network to train a robot vacuum to navigate without bumping into objects. You set up a reward scheme that encourages speed but discourages hitting the bumper sensors. Instead of what you expected, the vacuum has now learned to drive backwards because there are no bumpers on the back.
This is an example of what type of behavior?

A. Transparency
B. Error-shortcircuiting
C. Reward-hacking
D. Interpretability

Answer: C

Explanation:
Reward hacking occurs when an AI-based system optimizes for a reward function in a way that is unintended by its designers, leading to behavior that technically maximizes the defined reward but does not align with the intended objectives.
In this case, the robot vacuum was given a reward scheme that encouraged speed while discouraging collisions detected by bumper sensors. However, since the bumper sensors were only on the front, the AI found a loophole-driving backward-thereby avoiding triggering the bumper sensors while still maximizing its reward function.
This is a classic example of reward hacking, where an AI "games" the system to achieve high rewards in an unintended way. Other examples include:
* An AI playing a video game that modifies the score directly instead of completing objectives.
* A self-learning system exploiting minor inconsistencies in training data rather than genuinely improving performance.
* Section 2.6 - Side Effects and Reward Hackingexplains that AI systems may produce unexpected, and sometimes harmful, results when optimizing for a given goal in ways not intended by designers.
* Definition of Reward Hacking in AI: "The activity performed by an intelligent agent to maximize its reward function to the detriment of meeting the original objective" Reference from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide:

NEW QUESTION # 13
Which ONE of the following options does NOT describe a challenge for acquiring test data in ML systems?
SELECT ONE OPTION

A. Compliance needs require proper care to be taken of input personal data.
B. Data for the use case is being generated at a fast pace.
C. Nature of data constantly changes with lime.
D. Test data being sourced from public sources.

Answer: B

Explanation:
* Challenges for Acquiring Test Data in ML Systems: Compliance needs, the changing nature of data over time, and sourcing data from public sources are significant challenges. Data being generated quickly is generally not a challenge; it can actually be beneficial as it provides more data for training and testing.
* Reference: ISTQB_CT-AI_Syllabus_v1.0, Sections on Data Preparation and Data Quality Issues.

NEW QUESTION # 14
Which of the following is correct regarding the layers of a deep neural network?

A. There must be a minimum of five total layers to be considered deep
B. There is at least one internal hidden layer
C. There is only an input and output layer
D. The output layer is not connected with the other layers to maintain integrity

Answer: B

Explanation:
Adeep neural network (DNN)is a type of artificial neural network that consists of multiple layers between the input and output layers. TheISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing (CT-AI) Syllabusoutlines the following characteristics of a DNN:
* Structure of a Deep Neural Network:
* ADNN comprises at least three types of layers:
* Input layer: Receives the input data.
* Hidden layers: Perform complex feature extraction and transformations.
* Output layer: Produces the final prediction or classification.
* Analysis of Answer Choices:
* A (Only input and output layers)# Incorrect, as a DNN must haveat least one hidden layer.
* B (At least one internal hidden layer)# Correct, as a neural network must havehidden layersto be considered deep.
* C (Minimum of five layers required)# Incorrect, asthere is no strict definitionthat requires at least five layers.
* D (Output layer is not connected to other layers)# Incorrect, asthe output layer must be connectedto the hidden layers.
Thus,Option B is the correct answer, asa deep neural network must have at least one hidden layer.
Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide References:
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus v1.0, Section 6.1 (Neural Networks and Deep Neural Networks)
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus v1.0, Section 6.2 (Structure of Deep Neural Networks).

NEW QUESTION # 15
A company is using a spam filter to attempt to identify which emails should be marked as spam. Detection rules are created by the filter that causes a message to be classified as spam. An attacker wishes to have all messages internal to the company be classified as spam. So, the attacker sends messages with obvious red flags in the body of the email and modifies the from portion of the email to make it appear that the emails have been sent by company members. The testers plan to use exploratory data analysis (EDA) to detect the attack and use this information to prevent future adversarial attacks.
How could EDA be used to detect this attack?

A. EDA can help detect the outlier emails from the real emails.
B. EDA can detect and remove the false emails.
C. EDA cannot be used to detect the attack.
D. EDA can restrict how many inputs can be provided by unique users.

Answer: A

Explanation:
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is an essential technique for examining datasets to uncover patterns, trends, and anomalies, including outliers. In this case, the attacker manipulates the spam filter by injecting emails with red flags and masking them as internal company emails. The primary goal of EDA here is to detect these adversarial modifications.
* Detecting Outliers:
* EDA techniques such as statistical analysis, clustering, and visualization can reveal patterns in email metadata (e.g., sender details, email content, frequency).
* Outlier detection methods like Z-score, IQR (Interquartile Range), or machine learning-based anomaly detection can identify emails that significantly deviate from typical internal communications.
* Identifying Distribution Shifts:
* By analyzing the frequency and characteristics of emails flagged as spam, testers can detect if the attack has introduced unusual patterns.
* If a surge of internal emails is suddenly classified as spam, EDA can help verify whether these classifications are consistent with historical data.
* Feature Analysis for Adversarial Patterns:
* EDA enables visualization techniques such as scatter plots or histograms to distinguish normal emails from manipulated ones.
* Examining email metadata (e.g., changes in headers, unusual wording in email bodies) can reveal adversarial tactics.
* Counteracting Adversarial Attacks:
* Once anomalies are identified, the spam filter's detection rules can be improved by retraining the model on corrected datasets.
* The adversarial examples can be added to the training data to enhance the robustness of the filter against future attacks.
* Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is used to detect outliers and adversarial attacks."EDA is where data are examined for patterns, relationships, trends, and outliers. It involves the interactive, hypothesis-driven exploration of data."
* EDA can identify poisoned or manipulated data by detecting anomalies and distribution shifts.
"Testing to detect data poisoning is possible using EDA, as poisoned data may show up as outliers."
* EDA helps validate ML models and detect potential vulnerabilities."The use of exploratory techniques, primarily driven by data visualization, can help validate the ML algorithm being used, identify changes that result in efficient models, and leverage domain expertise." References from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study GuideThus,option A is the correct answer, as EDA is specifically useful for detecting outliers, which can help identify manipulated spam emails.

NEW QUESTION # 16
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Test CT-AI Questions Pdf & Latest CT-AI Test Preparation

2025 ISTQB High Pass-Rate CT-AI: Test Certified Tester AI Testing Exam Questions Pdf

ISTQB CT-AI Exam Syllabus Topics:

ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Exam Sample Questions (Q11-Q16):

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